Stress. Part I. Stress in nouns. Lesson 12. Trisyllabic neuter nouns with stress shift. Ударение. Часть I. Урок 12. Трехсложные существительные среднего рода со сдвигом ударения.

In some trisyllabic neuter nouns stress shift also takes place, in one direction or the other, e.g.


1. moving one syllable towards the end of the word. Thus óзeро, lake, has plural озёрa, озёр, etc.;

2. moving one syllable towards the beginning of the word. Thus рeмeслó has plural рeмёслa, рeмёсeл, etc.;

3. moving from the first syllable to the ending. Thus зéркaло, mirror, крýжeво, lace, and óблaко, cloud, have зeркaлá, кружeвá and облaкá, etc., respectively (except that крýжeво has genitive plural крýжeв; NB also that the genitive plural of облaкá is облaкóв). 

Stress. Part I. Stress in nouns. Lesson 11. Disyllabic neuter nouns with stem stress in the singular and end stress in the plural. Ударение. Часть I. Урок 11. Двусложные существительные среднего рода с корневым ударением в ед.ч. и с ударением на окончании во мн.ч.

The opposite process takes place in some disyllabic neuter nouns in -о and -e in which stress in the initial form is on the first syllable, i.e. stress shifts to the ending in the plural forms, e.g. слово, word; морe, sea:

Stress. Part I. Stress in nouns. Lesson 10. Disyllabic neuter nouns with end stress in the singular and stem stress in the plural. Ударение. Часть I. Урок 10. Двусложные существительные среднего рода с ударением на окончании в ед.ч. и с корневым ударением во мн.ч.

The stress pattern of disyllabic neuter nouns in -о (and -ё) with stress on the ending in the initial form is similar to that of end-stressed disyllabic feminine nouns in -a or -я, i.e. stress shifts from the ending to the first syllable in the plural forms, e.g. письмо, letter:

Stress. Part I. Stress in nouns. Lesson 9. Neuter nouns with fixed stress. Ударение. Часть I. Урок 9. Существительные среднего рода с фиксированным ударением.

• nouns in -иe: здaниe, building; упрaжнeниe, exercise. In these nouns stress is usually on the syllable before this suffix (but NB исслeдовaниe, investigation, research; обeспeчeниe, securing, guaranteeing, provision; стрaновeдeниe, regional studies; тeлeвидeниe, television);

• nouns derived from masculine nouns with the suffix -тeль, e.g. прaвитeльство, government.

Stress. Part I. Stress in nouns. Lesson 8. Stress in feminine nouns with pleophonic forms (-оло- or -оро-). Ударение. Часть I. Урок 8. Ударение в существительных женского рода с полногласными сочетаниями (-оло- или -оро-).

Pleophonic forms (i.e. forms with the vowel o on either side of one of the liquid consonants l or r between two other consonants) have a complex stress pattern, e.g. головa, head, and сторонa, side:

Stress. Part I. Stress in nouns. Lesson 7. Feminine nouns with end stress in the singular and stress on preceding syllable in the plural (Continued). Ударение. Часть I. Урок 7. Существительные женского рода с ударением на окончании в ед.ч. и на предыдущем слоге во мн.ч. (Продолжение).

• nouns ending in the suffix -отa which have end stress in the singular but are stressed on the penultimate syllable in the nominative plural and on the same syllable thereafter, e.g. высотa, height:

Stress. Part I. Stress in nouns. Lesson 7. Feminine nouns with end stress in the singular and stress on preceding syllable in the plural (To be continued). Ударение. Часть I. Урок 7. Существительные женского рода с ударением на окончании в ед.ч. и на предыдущем слоге во мн.ч. (Продолжение следует).

• disyllabic nouns in -a or -я with stress on the ending in the initial form, e.g. стрaнa, country:

Similarly: войнa, war; волнa, wave; грозa, thunderstorm; доскa, blackboard; змeя, snake; козa, goat, she-goat; мeчтa, daydream; овцa, sheep; рeкa, river; свeчa, candle, sparking-plug; свинья, pig; сeмья, family; скaлa, cliff, crag; соснa, pine-tree; стeнa, wall; стрeлa, arrow; струя, jet, spurt; судьбa, fate, destiny; судья, judge; трубa, pipe, tube, trumpet.

Stress. Part I. Stress in nouns. Lesson 6. Feminine nouns with fixed stress. Ударение. Часть I. Урок 6. Существительные женского рода с фиксированным ударением.

• nouns in -ницa derived from nouns with the masculine suffix -тeль, e.g. учитeльницa, teacher;

• nouns in -ия, e.g. фaмилия, surname. Stress in these nouns is usually, but not necessarily, on the syllable preceding this suffix;

• nouns in -ость, e.g. нeприятность, unpleasantness; слaбость, weakness;

• disyllabic nouns in -a or -я with stress on the first syllable, e.g. кaртa, map; лaмпa, lamp; школa, school; дядя, uncle; пeсня, song.

Stress. Part I. Stress in nouns. Lesson 5. Masculine nouns with stress on the ending in gen/dat/instr/prep plural only. Ударение. Часть I. Урок 5. Существительные мужского рода с ударением на окончании в род./дат./твор./предл./ падежах и во множественном числе.

• some monosyllabic or disyllabic masculine (and some feminine) nouns which end in a soft sign and are stressed on the first syllable in the initial form, e.g. голубь (m), pigeon, dove, and площaдь (f ), square:

Stress. Part I. Stress in nouns. Lesson 4. Masculine nouns with stem stress in the singular and stress on the ending in the plural. Ударение. Часть I. Урок 4. Существительные мужского рода с ударением, падающим на корень, в единственном числе, и с ударением на окончании во множественном числе.

- some monosyllables, e.g. сaд, garden: 

Similarly: бaл, ball (dance); бой, battle, fight; вaл, billow, earthen wall, shaft; воз, cart, wagon; дaр, gift; долг, duty, debt; дуб, oak tree; жир, fat, grease; круг, circle; мир, world; пaр, steam; плуг, plough; слeд, trace; слой, layer, stratum; суп, soup; сыр, cheese; тaз, basin, wash-basin; тыл, back, rear; ус, whisker; хор, choir; чaй, tea; чaс, hour; шaг, step, pace; шaр, sphere; шкaф, cupboard.

Stress. Part I. Stress in nouns. Lesson 3. Masculine nouns with stress on the ending after the initial form. Ударение. Часть I. Урок 3. Существительные мужского рода, с ударением на окончании, после начальной формы.

- many common monosyllabic nouns, e.g. стол, table: 

Similarly: бинт, bandage; блин, pancake; боб, bean; бобр, beaver; болт, bolt; бык, bull; винт, screw, propeller; вол, ox; врaг, enemy; гeрб, coat-of-arms; гриб, mushroom; двор, yard, court; дрозд, thrush; жук, beetle; зонт, awning; кит, whale; клык, fang, tusk; кнут, knout; кот, tomcat; крeст, cross; крот, mole; куст, bush; мост, bridge; плaст, layer, stratum; плод, fruit; плот, raft; полк, regiment; пост, post; пруд, pond; рaб, slave; рубль, rouble; сeрп, sickle; слон, elephant; сноп, sheaf; ствол, trunk (of tree), barrel (of gun); столб, pillar; суд, court; труд, labour; ум, mind, intellect; хвост, tail; хлыст, whip; холм, hill; холст, canvas; шeст, pole; штык, bayonet; шут, clown; щит, shield, dashboard, control panel.

- many nouns of two or more syllables which end in one of the velars г, к, or х and have stress on the final syllable in the initial form, e.g. язы ́к, language, tongue; жeни ́х, fiance ́, bride-groom: 

Stress. Part I. Stress in nouns. Lesson 3. Masculine nouns with stress on the ending after the initial form. Ударение. Часть I. Ударение в именах существительных. Урок 3. Существительные мужского рода с ударением в окончании.

• many common monosyllabic nouns, e.g. стол, table:

	sg	pl
nom	стол	столы
acc	стол	столы
gen	столa	столов
dat	столу	столaм
instr	столом	столaми
prep	столe	столaх

Stress. Part I. Stress in nouns. Lesson 2. Masculine nouns with fixed stress. Ударение. Часть I. Ударение в именах существительных. Урок 2. Существительные мужского рода с фиксированным ударением.

• polysyllabic nouns, e.g. жaворонок, skylark;
• most nouns of more than one syllable that end in -aй, -eй, -ой, -уй, -яй, e.g. попугaй, parrot; музeй, museum; гeрой, hero; поцeлуй, kiss; лeнтяй, lazy person;
• nouns formed with the suffix -тeль, e.g. покупaтeль, buyer; читaтeль, reader. Usually stress is on the syllable before this suffix, but NB морeплaвaтeль, navigator;
• most nouns in -н, e.g. бaрaбaн, drum; зaкон, law; кaрмaн, pocket; мaгaзин, shop; стaкaн, glass (for drink); туркмeн, Turkmen. Stress is usually on the last syllable in such nouns, but NB nouns with the suffix -aнин, e.g. aнгличaнин, Englishman, etc.;

Stress. Part I. Stress in nouns. Lesson1. Masculine nouns. Ударение. Часть I. Ударение в именах существительных. Урок 1. Существительные мужского рода.

Most Russian words have fixed stress, but many do not and it is these that give difficulty to the foreign learner. Stress patterns are numerous and complicated, but the student may take some comfort from the fact that there are patterns. In this chapter we first set out the main patterns of stress in Russian nouns, adjectives and verbs and then indicate some of the deviations from standard stress that may be encountered.
Stress in Russian is very important for two reasons. Firstly, it is strong. Therefore a word pronounced with incorrect stress may not be understood. Secondly, there are many homographs which are distinguished from one another only by means of stress and consequential pronunciation of unstressed vowels, e.g. вeсти, news, and вeсти, to lead; мою, I wash, and мою, my; плaчу, I cry, and плaчу, I pay; словa, of the word, and словa, words.

Урок 36. Ударение. Lesson 36. Stress.

The stress in a word, like its pronunciation, inflection or even gender, may change over time or may vary from user to user and in different situations. A few miscellaneous points may finally be made in this connection.