Грамматика русского языка. Часть 8. Глагол. Глава 16. Разрешение, запрет, необходимость и т. д. Russian Grammar. Part 8. The Verb. Unit 16. Possibility, etc.

The infinitive is used in phrases to mean it is possible, it is impossible, it is necessary and it is time to.

(A) The key words expressing possibility and permission, impossibility and prohibition, necessity are:

Грамматика русского языка. Часть 8. Глагол. Глава 15. Отрицание (Продолжение). Russian Grammar. Part 8. The Verb. Unit 15. Negatives (Continued).

In Russian there are negative words which are used with infinitives, not with conjugated verbs (e.g. there is nothing for me to do). These negataves begin with the stressed syllable не.

(А) The key negative words used with infinitives (with very literal translations into English) are:

Грамматика русского языка. Часть 8. Глагол. Глава 15. Отрицание. Russian Grammar. Part 8. The Verb. Unit 15. Negatives.

lf you want to explain what is not being done, happening etc., you need the negative. This is formed with нe before the conjugated verb (i.e. verb in a tense).

(А) “Не” should be placed immediately before the verb:
Он не работает.
He isn't working.
Мы не знаем, когда она придёт.
We don't know whеn shе will arrive.

Грамматика русского языка. Часть 13. Числительные. Глава 3. Порядковые числительные. Russian Grammar. Part 13. Numerals. Unit 3. Ordinal Numerals.

Ordinal numerals (first, second, third etc) indicate position in an order or series. ln Russian ordinal numerals are adiectives.

1st   2nd   3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th

первый второй третий четвёртый пятый шестой седьмой восьмой девятый десятый

11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th

одиннадцатый двенадцатый тринадцатый четырнадцатый пятнадцатый шестнадцатый семнадцатый восемнадцатый девятнадцатый двадцатый

30th 40th 50th 60th 70th 80th 90th 100th 1000th 1000000th

тридцатый сороковой пятидесятый шестидесятый семидесятый восьмидесятый девяностый сотый тысячный миллионный

Грамматика русского языка. Часть 11. Пунктуация. Глава 1. Точка, вопросительный знак, точка с запятой и двоеточие. Russian Grammar. Part 11. Punctuation. Unit 1. The full stop, the question mark, the semi-colon and the colon.

Russian usage with regard to punctuation differs significantly from English usage, and since Russian usage is also more rigid the student aiming for a high degree of accuracy in the language needs to pay some attention to the Russian rules in this area.

Грамматика русского языка. Часть 9. Образование отглагольных существительных и причастий. Глава 2. Образование совершенных отглагольных существительных. Russian Grammar. Part 9. Formation of Gerunds (verbal nouns) and Participles. Unit 2. Formation of Perfective Gerunds.

Like imperfective gerunds, perfective gerunds are invariable. They are formed in the following ways:
in most verbs the final -л of the masculine form of the past tense is replaced by -в, e.g.

прочитaть (прочитaл) прочитaв, having read потянуть (потянул) почистить (почистил)

прочитaв, having read открыв, having opened потянув, having pulled почистив, having cleaned

Note: forms in -вши (e.g. прочитaвши, etc.) have an archaic flavour but may also occur.
Most perfective verbs which do not form their past tense by adding –л to the final vowel of the infinitive are in theory capable of forming gerunds by adding -ши to the masculine form of the past tense, e.g.
достигнуть (достиг) → достигши, having attained.

Грамматика русского языка. Часть 8. Глагол. Глава 12. Императив (повелительное наклонение). Russian Grammar. Part 8. The Verb. Unit 12. The Imperative of The Verbs.

When asking people to do things Russians make such requests with a form of the verb called the Imperative + the word пожалуйста (please).

FORMATION OF THE IMPERATIVE


Both Aspects may have the Imperatives.
There are 3 possible endings for the Imperative:
йте, ите, ьте - if you are speaking to someone you call “вы”

If you are speaking to someone called "ты", drop the те. The basis for the Infinitive is the Present Tense Stem.
Откройте! “вы” form,
Открой! “ты” form.

Грамматика русского языка. Часть 8. Глагол. Глава 9. Прошедшее время глагола, вторая группа. Russian Grammar. Part 8. The Verb. Unit 9. The Past Tense of The Verbs, The Second Group.

Second Group


Irregular Past Tense formation

Verbs ending in чь


Some types of verbs have no л in the Masculine Past. There are mainly the oldest verbs of the Russian language which have no consonant stem.
No л is added to this stem in the Masculine Past.
In addition to that the stem consonant is very often replaced by its intercharging pair consonant: ч by г, ч by к, etc.
Let us take for example the verb мочь – to be able to, ч will be replaced by г. So, the Past Tense forms are:

Singular
M. я, он, ты мог
F. я, она, ты могла
N. это, оно могло
Plural & Polite
мы, вы они могли


Some other verbs of the same type of the Past Tense formation:
помочь - to help
он помог - he helped
она помогла - she helped
оно помогло - it helped
они помогли - they helped
ч/г interchange

Грамматика русского языка. Часть 8. Глагол. Глава 4. Настоящее время глагола, cпряжение. Russian Grammar. Part 8. The Verb. Unit 4. The Present Tense of The Verbs, The Regular Conjugation.

Only the Imperfective Verbs can be used in the Present Tense.

In the Present Tense verbs change for person and number – they conjugate. Each person has its own ending. There are two types of personal endings, in accordance with which verbs fall into:

1-st conjugation
2-nd conjugation

As a base for the Present Tense formation we use part of the Infinitive, for example:
   

The Infinitive	Present Tense stem
знать	зна-
говорить	говор-

1-ST CONJUGATION, REGULAR FORMATION


Many Russian 1-st conjugation verbs are conjugated on the pattern of знать (vowel stem):

я знаю	мы знаем
ты знаешь	вы знаете
он, она знает	они знают

The 1-st conjugation (“e” conjugation) comprises the verbs ending in ать, ять, еть, овать, евать, нуть, ти, чь.

Грамматика русского языка. Часть 8. Глагол. Глава 3. Вид глагола. Russian Grammar. Part 8. The Verb. Unit 3. The Aspect.

The Russian verb has an extra characteristics: The Aspect.

The action expressed by a verb may be viewed from different stand points: completion, frequency of occurance, action in progress, statement of fact, etc.

The Aspect is manifested through prefixes or suffixes and not through the endings as the tenses do. Practically each Russian verb belongs either to the Imperfective or the Perfective Aspect.

Most Russian verbs go in pairs of Imperfective and Perfective verbs, for example: делать - сделать - to do

Грамматика русского языка. Часть 6. Падежи. Глава 10. Итог. Функциональность каждого из шести падежей. Russian Grammar. Part 6. Cases. Unit 10. Summary. The Function of Each of Six Cases.

The first trick is to know when which case is needed. The second is to know the endings well enough so that you can use the ranges of cases you might need in any onе sentence.

The six cases are as follows:


Nominative shows us whо or what is peforming the action of a verb. Remember that nouns are listed in dictionaries in their nominative singular form.

Грамматика русского языка. Часть 6. Падежи. Глава 11. Предложный падеж, множественное число. Russian Grammar. Part 6. Cases. Unit 11. The Prepositional Plural.

The prеpositional plural endings arе needed if a plural noun is following the prepositions в (in, at) or нa (on, at).

The prepositional plural endings for nouns are the same for all genders. There are two possible endings (ax or яx) and to determine which one should be used, look at the last letter of the nominative singular.

The ending for prepositional plural nouns ending in a consonant, a or o in the nominative singular is: ax. Add this ending to nouns ending in a consonant. To nouns ending in a or o, remove the last letter of the nominative singular, then add ax, for example:

ресторан	Они обедают в ресторанах.	They have lunch in restaurants.
квартира	Они живут в квартирах.	They live in flats.
место	Они сидят на местах у окна.	They are sitting in seats by the window.

The ending for prepositional plural nouns which end in anything else in the nominative singular (i.e. й, ь, я, ия, e, иe) is яx.

Грамматика русского языка. Часть 6. Падежи. Глава 10. Предложный падеж, единственное число. Russian Grammar. Part 6. Cases. Unit 10. The Prepositional Singular.

The prepositional case has no “meaning” of its own. As its name suggests it is used in phrases which indicate position and specifically with the prepositions в (in, at) and нa (on, at).

There is one regular ending for masculine nouns: e.

Nom. sing.	Prep. sing.	Example	Meaning
офис	офисе	Я работаю в офисе.	I work in an office.
музей	музее	Он работает в музее.	He works in a museum.
стол	столе	Книга на столе.	The book is on the table.

Грамматика русского языка. Часть 6. Падежи. Глава 7. Винительный падеж. Russian Grammar. Part 6. Cases. Unit 7. The Accusative Case.

The accusative case is used for the direct obiect of a sentence. The direct obiect is the person or thing that has an action done to it.
Most sentences include the formula Subject (person or thing performing an action) + Verb (action
performed) + Object (person or thing that has action done to it).

Subject +	Verb +	Object +	Meaning
Анна	смотрит	телевизор	Anna is watching television
Борис	читает	газету	Boris is reading the newspaper
Мы	слушаем	радио	We are listening to the radio

Грамматика русского языка. Часть 6. Падежи. Глава 6. Дательный падеж. Russian Grammar. Part 6. Cases. Unit 6. The Dative Case.

The principal meaning of the dative case is to or for. lt is used for the indirect obiect (the person or thing that is shown, told etc. something). The dative case also follows some common verbs, e.g. помогать (to help), звонить (to ring).

The dative case is needed for the indirect object of a sentence:

Subject +	Verb +	Object +	Indirect object
Vadim	gave	a bunch of roses	to Katya
Вадим	дал	букет роз	Кате

Грамматика русского языка. Часть 6. Падежи. Глава 5. Родительный падеж, множественное число, “неправильные” существительные. Russian Grammar. Part 6. Cases. Unit 5. The Genitive Plural Irregular.

There are a number of very common nouns which have irregular forms in the genitive plural.
The important thing is to know which nouns have irregular nominative plurals, because their genitive plural forms will be based on this.

This is what happens to masculine nouns in the genitive plural: if the nominative plural ends in stessed а, then the genitive plural ending is ов (so not strikingly irregular, just be aware of the stressed ending).
If the nominative plural ends in:

Грамматика русского языка. Часть 6. Падежи. Глава 2. Именительный падеж. Russian Grammar. Part 6. Cases. Unit 2. The Nominative Case.

Cases show the roles that nouns play in a sentence. There are six cases in Russian and the endings of nouns change according to their case. The nominative case shows us who or what is performing the action of a verb (the subiect); singular means there's only one actor/subject.


The nominative case of a noun is the form you find in a dictionary, vocabulary or glossary.
год (м) year, школа (ж) school, свидание (ср) appointment, date
The endings for each gender are: masculine: consonant, й, ь; feminine: а, я, ия, ь; neuter: о, е, ие.
The nominative case “names” the person or the thing doing the action of the verb (the subject).

Грамматика русского языка. Часть 6. Имя существительное. Глава 1. Род имен существительных. Russian Grammar. Part 6. The Noun. Unit 1. Gender of Nouns.

Cases show the roles that nouns play in a sentence. There are six cases in Russian and the endings of nouns change according to their case. The nominative case shows us who or what is performing the action of a verb (the subiect); singular means there's only one actor/subject.

Russian words are divided randomly into three groups, known as “genders”. These groups are masculine, feminine and neuter. Russian has no direct article (the) or indirect article (а), so we have to look at the ending of each word to determine its gender.

Грамматика русского языка. Часть 5. Особенности произношения. Правила. Russian Grammar. Part 5. Special Pronunciation Rules.

Even people who have studied Russian for many years frequently don't pay enough attention to some of the finer points of Russian pronunciation. Therefore, even it you're a more advanced student, study the following rules carefully.

The First Rule

After the letters ж, ш, and ц, the letters и, е, and ё will sound like ы [ih], э [eh] and о [aw].

жить [zhiht'] to live
жест [zhest] gesture
жёлтый [zhawl-tihy] yellow (m.)

шить [shiht'] to sew
шесть [shehst'] six
шёлк [shawlk] silk

цент [tsehnt] cent
цирк [tsihrk] circus
цифра [tsihf-ruh] number

Грамматика русского языка. Часть 4. Безударные гласные. Глава 3. Безударные Э, У, и Ю. Значение ударения. Russian Grammar. Part 4. The Unstressed Vowels. Unit 3. The Unstressed Э, У, and Ю. Significance of the Stress.

The Unstressed Э, У, and Ю

These vowels remain practically the same, whether stressed or unstressed.

Examples:

это экран [eh-tuh ehk-rahn] this is a screen
умный дуэт [oom-nihy doo-eht] a clever duet
я мою каюту [yah maw-yoo kuh-yoo-too] I am washing the cabin

There was no real difference between the stressed and unstressed э, у, and ю in these phrases.