Урок 13. Проблемы с существительными. Существительные, имеющие форму только множественного числа. Lesson 13. Problems of number. Nouns with plural form only.

Many nouns exist which in English have a singular form but in Russian have only a plural form, at least when they have certain meanings. The word for a clock, for example, is чaсы (gen чaсов). Such
nouns may belong to any of the declension types. In the lists below genitive forms (which cannot be deduced from the nominative forms) are given in brackets.

воротa (воpот)	gate
выборы (выборов)	election
грaбли (грaблeй)	rake
дeньги (дeнeг)	money
джунгли (джунглeй)	jungle

Грамматика русского языка. Часть 7. Имя прилагательное. Глава 11. Прилагательные в предложном падеже, множественном числе. Russian Grammar. Part 7. The Adjective. Unit 11. Adjectives in The Prepositional Plural.

There are only two prepositional plural adjective endings (irrespective of gender).

The two possible endings for prepositional plural adjectives are ых and их (i.e. just like the endings for genitive plural adjectives). These endings are used for all three genders.

Stressed and unstressed adjectives always take the ending ых (unless their stem ends in г, к, х, ж, ч, ш,щ (spelling rule 1).

Грамматика русского языка. Часть 7. Имя прилагательное. Глава 9. Прилагательные в творительном падеже, единственном и множественном числе. Russian Grammar. Part 7. The Adjective. Unit 9. Adjectives in The Instrumental Singular and Plural.

There are special instrumental singular adjective endings for each gender.

The endings for masculine and neuter adjectives are the same: either ым or им:

All unstressed and stressed adjectives take the ending ым unless their stem ends in г, к, х, ж, ч, ш, щ (spelling rule 1), in which case the ending is им: посещать музей с молодым иностранным (aнглийским) туристом (to visit thе museum with a young foreign (English) touist).

All stressed adjectives take the ending ым: c молодым туристом (with a young tourist). 

All soft adjectives take the ending им: c прежним директором (with the former director).

All possessive adjectives take the ending им: c моим письмом (with my letter).

Грамматика русского языка. Часть 7. Имя прилагательное. Глава 6. Прилагательные в родительном падеже, множественном числе. Russian Grammar. Part 7. The Adjective. Unit 6. Adjectives in The Genitive Plural.

An adiective must always agree with the noun it is describing; if the noun is in the genitive plural, so must the adiective describing it. There are only two genitive plural adiective endings (irrespective of gender).

Tne two possible endings for genitive plural adjectives are ых and их (which are actually the same endings used for the animate accusative plural of adjectives). These endings apply to all three genders.

Stressed and unstressed adjectives always take the ending ых, unless their stem ends in г, к, х, ж, ч, ш, щ (spelling rule 1).

Грамматика русского языка. Часть 6. Падежи. Глава 11. Предложный падеж, множественное число. Russian Grammar. Part 6. Cases. Unit 11. The Prepositional Plural.

The prеpositional plural endings arе needed if a plural noun is following the prepositions в (in, at) or нa (on, at).

The prepositional plural endings for nouns are the same for all genders. There are two possible endings (ax or яx) and to determine which one should be used, look at the last letter of the nominative singular.

The ending for prepositional plural nouns ending in a consonant, a or o in the nominative singular is: ax. Add this ending to nouns ending in a consonant. To nouns ending in a or o, remove the last letter of the nominative singular, then add ax, for example:

ресторан	Они обедают в ресторанах.	They have lunch in restaurants.
квартира	Они живут в квартирах.	They live in flats.
место	Они сидят на местах у окна.	They are sitting in seats by the window.

The ending for prepositional plural nouns which end in anything else in the nominative singular (i.e. й, ь, я, ия, e, иe) is яx.

Грамматика русского языка. Часть 6. Падежи. Глава 5. Родительный падеж, множественное число, “неправильные” существительные. Russian Grammar. Part 6. Cases. Unit 5. The Genitive Plural Irregular.

There are a number of very common nouns which have irregular forms in the genitive plural.
The important thing is to know which nouns have irregular nominative plurals, because their genitive plural forms will be based on this.

This is what happens to masculine nouns in the genitive plural: if the nominative plural ends in stessed а, then the genitive plural ending is ов (so not strikingly irregular, just be aware of the stressed ending).
If the nominative plural ends in:

Урок 9. Учимся выражать наличие/отсутствие словами есть / нет. Lesson 9. Expressing Availability / Absence With The Words ЕСТЬ / НЕТ.

Прочитайте диалоги:
Read the dialogues:

I
- У тебя есть брат? [U tibya yest' brat]
- Да, есть. [Da, yest']
- А сестра? [A sistra]
- Нет, сестры у меня нет. [Net, sistry u minya net]
II
- В вашем городе есть зоопарк? [V vashim goradi yest' zaapark]
- Да, в нашем городе есть зоопарк. [Da, v nashim goradi yest' zaapark]

To express availability in a general ontological question or an utterance connected to a general ontological question in the present tense we use the verb ЕСТЬ, and the verb НЕТ to express absence.