Cases show the roles that nouns play in a sentence. There are six cases in Russian and the endings of nouns change according to their case. The nominative case shows us who or what is performing the action of a verb (the subiect); singular means there's only one actor/subject.
The nominative case of a noun is the form you find in a dictionary, vocabulary or glossary.
год (м) year, школа (ж) school, свидание (ср) appointment, date
The endings for each gender are: masculine: consonant, й, ь; feminine: а, я, ия, ь; neuter: о, е, ие.
The nominative case “names” the person or the thing doing the action of the verb (the subject).
Since there are no words for the or a in Russian, a noun in the nominative case can mean either:
месяц (м) a month or thе month; медсестра (ж) a nurse or the nurse; окно (cp) a window or the window.
Since there is no present tense of the verb "to be" in Russian, the nominative case will appear with no apparent verb.
Russian word order is very flexible, so the subject is not always at the beginning of a sentence or phrase. The word order may be the same as English:
The lecture begins at seven o'clock.
Лекция начинается в семь часов.
or the subject may appear later in the phrase (without affecting the meaning):
B ceмь часов начинается лекция.
lf you want to talk about more than one subiect, you use the plural. In Russian there are different forms of the plural, depending on the gender of the noun.
Regular masculine nouns end in either a consonant, й or ь.
The plural ending depends on which of these three kinds of noun you are using:
To a consonant,add ы: студент - студенты students
Remove й, then add и: музей - музеи museums
Remove ь, then add и: aвтомобиль - автомобили cars
Regular feminine nouns end in either a, я, ия or ь. The plural ending depends on which of these four kinds of noun you are dealing with:
Remove a,add ы: aктриса - актрисы actresses
Remove я, add и: неделя - недели weeks
Remove ь, add и: дверь - двери doors
Note: For plurals of feminine nouns which end in a, remember: never write ы after г, к, х, ж, ч, ш, щ. So, for example, книга - книги books.
Regular neuter nouns end in either o, e or иe. The plural ending depends on which of these three kinds of noun you are dealing with:
Remove o, add a: место - места places
Remove e, add я: здание - здания buildings
The stress in some regular nouns changes in the nominative plural, as you can see in the word местo. This can happen in all genders.
For example:
Masculine: cтол (table) - столы; старик (old man) старики
Feminine: игра (game) - игры; рука (hand, arm) руки
Neuter: oкно (window) - окна; море (sea) моря
Dictionaries usually indicate any movement of stress in the Russian-English section and the best thing is to look out for this when you first come across a word (and try to leam it by saying both singular and plural out loud).
Some regular nouns “lose” a vowel from their last syllable in all forms except nominative singular. (Vowels which disappear in this way are called ”fleeting vowels”.) Some common ones are: отец -отцы (fathers); ковёр - ковры (carpets); церковь - церкви (churches).
The nominative case of a noun is the form you find in a dictionary, vocabulary or glossary.
год (м) year, школа (ж) school, свидание (ср) appointment, date
The endings for each gender are: masculine: consonant, й, ь; feminine: а, я, ия, ь; neuter: о, е, ие.
The nominative case “names” the person or the thing doing the action of the verb (the subject).
| Subject | Verb | Meaning |
| Студент | читает | The student is reading |
| Екатерина | работает | Ekaterina is working |
| Письмо | лежит (на столе) | The letter is lying (on the table) |
месяц (м) a month or thе month; медсестра (ж) a nurse or the nurse; окно (cp) a window or the window.
Since there is no present tense of the verb "to be" in Russian, the nominative case will appear with no apparent verb.
| Subject | Verb | Meaning |
| Борис | студент | Boris (is a ) student |
| Медсестра | очень добрая | (The) nurse (is) very kind |
| Письмо | интересное | (The) letter (is) interesting |
The lecture begins at seven o'clock.
Лекция начинается в семь часов.
or the subject may appear later in the phrase (without affecting the meaning):
B ceмь часов начинается лекция.
lf you want to talk about more than one subiect, you use the plural. In Russian there are different forms of the plural, depending on the gender of the noun.
Regular masculine nouns end in either a consonant, й or ь.
The plural ending depends on which of these three kinds of noun you are using:
To a consonant,add ы: студент - студенты students
Remove й, then add и: музей - музеи museums
Remove ь, then add и: aвтомобиль - автомобили cars
Regular feminine nouns end in either a, я, ия or ь. The plural ending depends on which of these four kinds of noun you are dealing with:
Remove a,add ы: aктриса - актрисы actresses
Remove я, add и: неделя - недели weeks
Remove ь, add и: дверь - двери doors
Note: For plurals of feminine nouns which end in a, remember: never write ы after г, к, х, ж, ч, ш, щ. So, for example, книга - книги books.
Regular neuter nouns end in either o, e or иe. The plural ending depends on which of these three kinds of noun you are dealing with:
Remove o, add a: место - места places
Remove e, add я: здание - здания buildings
The stress in some regular nouns changes in the nominative plural, as you can see in the word местo. This can happen in all genders.
For example:
Masculine: cтол (table) - столы; старик (old man) старики
Feminine: игра (game) - игры; рука (hand, arm) руки
Neuter: oкно (window) - окна; море (sea) моря
Dictionaries usually indicate any movement of stress in the Russian-English section and the best thing is to look out for this when you first come across a word (and try to leam it by saying both singular and plural out loud).
Some regular nouns “lose” a vowel from their last syllable in all forms except nominative singular. (Vowels which disappear in this way are called ”fleeting vowels”.) Some common ones are: отец -отцы (fathers); ковёр - ковры (carpets); церковь - церкви (churches).
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