The instrumental case is used to describe the means by which an action is performed (l write with a pan). It is also used for the complement of a verb (l work as a doctor, in some time phrases, for nouns following some reflexive verbs and with certain prepositions.
The principal meaning of this case is “by/with” to explain how an action is achicved. The words underlined below would be put into the insfiumental case:
Ivan went to Moscow by train. He took photos with his camera.
NB If a phrase including “with” means “accompanied by” (e.g. “tea with lemon”, “I'm going with my sister”), then the preposition c must be used before the noun in the instrumental: e.g. “Я еду в Лондон поездом с сестрой” - I'm going to London with my sister. Note that the vowel o is sometimes added to the preposition c when it is followed by a word which starts with a cluster of consonants, e.g. co вниманием - with attention.
The instrumental case is used when a verb is followed by a “complement” (which gives more information about the subject of a sentence). For example: Ivan work as a photographer.
The insftumental ending is found in time phrases relating to seasons and parts of the day, e.g.:
Common reflexive verbs followed by the instrumental are заниматься (to be fusy, occupy onself) and интересоваться (to be interested in): он интересуется рисованием - he is interested in drawing.
To form the instrumental case:
Masculine nouns ending in a consonant add ом, otherwise remove the last letter and add ем: вечер (evening) - вечером, трамвай - трамваем, учитель - учителем. Remember that you can't have unstressed o after ж, ч, ш, щ, ц! So instrumental of муж (husband) - мужем.
Feminine nouns: remove last letter and add ой to words which end in a; add eй to words ending in я or ия. lf a word ends in ь, don't remove it, just add ю. E. g: зима (winter) - зимой, Англия - Англией, осень (autumn) - осенью. (NB мать - матерью, дочь - дочерью). Remember that you can't have unstressed o after ж, ч, ш, щ, ц! So instrumental of улица – улицей.
Neuter words: just add м! утро (morning) - утром, здание – зданием (NB время - временем).
The instrumental plural endings are needed if a plural instrument is being described, or a plural noun is following the prepositions, or a verb which requires the instrumental.
The instrumental plural endings for nouns are the same for all genders. There are two possible endings (ами or ями) and to determine which one should be used, look at the last letter of the nominative singular.
The ending for instrumental plural nouns ending in a consonant, a or o in the nominative singular is ами. Add this ending to nouns ending in a consonant. To nouns ending in a or o, remove the last letter of the nominative singular, then add ами, for example:
The ending for instrumental plural nouns which end in anything else in the nominative singular (i.e. й, ь, я, ия, е, ие) is ями. Remove the last letter of the nominative singular and add ями, for example:
Nouns which have irregular nominative plurals form their plural from the nominative plural (but the choice is still only between the endings ами, or ями), for example:
NB The following are exceptions and do not end in ами, or ями:
The principal meaning of this case is “by/with” to explain how an action is achicved. The words underlined below would be put into the insfiumental case:
Ivan went to Moscow by train. He took photos with his camera.
NB If a phrase including “with” means “accompanied by” (e.g. “tea with lemon”, “I'm going with my sister”), then the preposition c must be used before the noun in the instrumental: e.g. “Я еду в Лондон поездом с сестрой” - I'm going to London with my sister. Note that the vowel o is sometimes added to the preposition c when it is followed by a word which starts with a cluster of consonants, e.g. co вниманием - with attention.
The instrumental case is used when a verb is followed by a “complement” (which gives more information about the subject of a sentence). For example: Ivan work as a photographer.
The insftumental ending is found in time phrases relating to seasons and parts of the day, e.g.:
| летом | in summer | утром | in / during the morning |
| зимой | in winter | вечером | in / during the evening |
Common reflexive verbs followed by the instrumental are заниматься (to be fusy, occupy onself) and интересоваться (to be interested in): он интересуется рисованием - he is interested in drawing.
To form the instrumental case:
Masculine nouns ending in a consonant add ом, otherwise remove the last letter and add ем: вечер (evening) - вечером, трамвай - трамваем, учитель - учителем. Remember that you can't have unstressed o after ж, ч, ш, щ, ц! So instrumental of муж (husband) - мужем.
Feminine nouns: remove last letter and add ой to words which end in a; add eй to words ending in я or ия. lf a word ends in ь, don't remove it, just add ю. E. g: зима (winter) - зимой, Англия - Англией, осень (autumn) - осенью. (NB мать - матерью, дочь - дочерью). Remember that you can't have unstressed o after ж, ч, ш, щ, ц! So instrumental of улица – улицей.
Neuter words: just add м! утро (morning) - утром, здание – зданием (NB время - временем).
The instrumental plural endings are needed if a plural instrument is being described, or a plural noun is following the prepositions, or a verb which requires the instrumental.
The instrumental plural endings for nouns are the same for all genders. There are two possible endings (ами or ями) and to determine which one should be used, look at the last letter of the nominative singular.
The ending for instrumental plural nouns ending in a consonant, a or o in the nominative singular is ами. Add this ending to nouns ending in a consonant. To nouns ending in a or o, remove the last letter of the nominative singular, then add ами, for example:
| гриб (mushroom) | суп с грибами | soup with mushrooms |
| марка (stamp) | интересоваться марками | to be interested in stamps |
| письмо (letter) | заниматься письмами | to be busy with letters |
| гость (guest) | Он едет в театр с гостями. | He is going to the theatre with guests. |
| Nominative singular | Nominative plural | lnstrumental plural |
| время | времена | временами |
| город | города | городами |
| друг | друзья | друзьями |
| стул | стулья | стульями |
| ухо | уши | ушами |
NB The following are exceptions and do not end in ами, or ями:
| дочь | дочери | дочерьми |
| ребёнок | дети | детьми |
| человек | людей | людьми |
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